Colgajo giratorio retroauricular / Retroauricular flip-flop flap

Resumen El colgajo retroauricular en isla (flip-flop flap) fue descrito por Masson en 1972 y consiste en tejido dermoepidérmico irrigado por un pedículo de patrón aleatorio subcutáneo de ramas de la arteria auricular posterior. Proviene de la región mastoidea y retroauricular y aporta buena cobertura para la región anteromedial del pabellón auricular. Se describen dos casos, en que se realizó cobertura inmediata secundario a un defecto de la concha auricular posterior a resección neoplásica, obteniendo resultados satisfactorios y sin complicaciones.

Abstract The retroauricular island flap (flip-flop flap), was described by Masson in 1972 and consists on dermoepidermal tissue irrigated by a random subcutaneous pedicle of branches of the posterior auricular artery. It comes from the mastoid and retroauricular region and provides a good coverage for the anteromedial region of the pinna. Two cases are described, in which immediate coverage was performed secondary to a defect in the auricular concha after a neoplastic resection, obtaining satisfactory results without complications.

Adenocarcinoma de células basales / Basal cell adenocarcinoma

El adenocarcinoma de células basales, también conocido como carcinoma salival basaloide, adenoma maligno de células basales, es una neoplasia epitelial de bajo grado, infiltrante, localmente destructivo y con tendencia a ser recidivante. Su aparición es entre la 5ª y 6ª década de vida, sin predilección por sexo. Clínicamente se manifiesta con un edema o un aumento repentino de tamaño en la zona, de consistencia firme, crecimiento lento e indoloro. El diagnóstico de certeza es a través de la histopatología; su tratamiento quirúrgico, y tiene buen pronóstico en sus estadios iniciales (AU)

Basal cells adenocarcinoma also known as salivary basaloide carcinoma basal cells malignant adenoma is a low degree, infiltrating, locally destructive and prone to be relapsing, epithelial neoplasia. It occurs between the 5th and 6th decade of life, with no predilection for sex. Clinically it manifests with an edema or sudden increased size in the area, of firm consistency, slow growth and pain-less. Its treatment is surgical and the diagnosis of certainty is histopathological with a good prognosis. The purpose of this presentation is to show the case of a 57- years-old male patient with clinical and anatomopathological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of basal cells located in the yugal mucosa (AU)

Respuesta al tratamiento con HeberFERON desde el diagnóstico de enfermería en pacientes con neoplasia basocelular / Response to Treatment with HeberFERON since the Nursing Diagnosis in Patients with Basal Cell Neoplasia

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba, la introducción del HeberFERON para el tratamiento de neoplasias de piel no melanomas perioculares ha permitido respuestas clínicas y estéticas muy favorables, evitando cirugías y reconstrucciones complejas, obteniéndose resultados muy promisorios. Objetivo: Describir la respuesta al tratamiento con HeberFERON en pacientes con neoplasia basocelular desde el diagnóstico de enfermería. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital General Docente Abel Santamaría Cuadrado de Pinar del Río en el periodo julio-diciembre 2017. El universo estuvo constituido por 12 pacientes con neoplasia basocelular, tratados con HeberFERON. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, fototipo de piel, localización y tamaño de la lesión, respuesta al tratamiento, diagnóstico de enfermería. Resultados: El 50,00 por ciento de los pacientes estudiados pertenecieron al grupo de edades de 71 y más, de sexo masculino, y la lesión tenía un tamaño de menos de 20 mm, el 66,66 por ciento fototipo de piel II , la lesión se localizaba en el parpado inferior y tuvieron una respuesta completa al tratamiento con el HeberFERON, el diagnóstico de enfermería de desconfianza e insuficiente conocimiento de su enfermedad estuvo en el 100,00 por ciento de los casos , temor a la muerte en el 91,66 por ciento, y el deterioro de la piel y los tejidos adyacentes en un 83,33 por ciento de los casos estudiados. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes tratados con HeberFERON presentaron una respuesta completa a la terapéutica utilizada, traducido en una desaparición completa de la neoplasia(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, HeberFERON introduction in the treatment of non-melanomas periocular skin neoplasms has allowed very favorable clinical and aesthetic outcomes, avoiding complex surgeries and reconstructions and obtaining very promising results. Objective: To describe the response to HeberFERON treatment in patients with basal cell neoplasia since the nursing diagnosis. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study carried out in the ophthalmology service of Abel Santamaría Cuadrado General Teaching Hospital of Pinar del Río, in the period from July to December 2017. The study population consisted of 12 patients with basal cell neoplasia and treated with HeberFERON. The variables analyzed were age, sex, skin phototype, location and size of the lesion, response to treatment, and nursing diagnosis. Results: 50.00 percent of the patients studied belonged to the age group of 71 years or older, of male sex, and whose lesion was less than 20 mm in size. 66.66 percent had a skin phototype II. The lesion was located in the lower eyelid and had a complete response to treatment with HeberFERON. Based on the nursing diagnosis, lack of confidence and knowledge about the disease was in 100 percent of the cases; fear of death, in 91.66 percent; deterioration of skin and tissues around, in 83.33 percent. Conclusions: The majority of the patients treated with HeberFERON presented a complete response to the therapy, resulting in a total disappearance of the neoplasm(AU)

Dermatoscopia para establecer márgenes quirúrgicos mínimos en la resección de carcinomas basocelulares / Dermoscopy for establishing the minimal surgical margins in basal cells carcinoma resection

Introducción: el carcinoma basocelular es la forma más común de cáncer de piel y el proceder quirúrgico es la elección para su tratamiento. Aparece más frecuente en áreas visibles o fotoexpuestas, por lo que en ocasiones, con el fin de preservar tejidos su resección es insuficiente; o por el contrario si se amplían a los márgenes establecidos, pudieran generar secuelas cicatrizales. La dermatoscopía es una técnica de fácil aplicación que permite previamente la visualización de los límites reales del tumor para así obtener márgenes quirúrgicos no comprometidos de menor tamaño que evitan posteriores deformidades estéticas. Objetivos: determinar la utilidad de la dermatoscopía para obtener márgenes quirúrgicos mínimos, libres de carcinomas basocelulares en cara y cuello, con posterior comprobación histológica. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, en Hospital " Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández" de la ciudad de Matanzas, a 21 pacientes, con diagnóstico clínico y dermatoscópico de carcinoma basocelular. Se les estableció mínimo margen quirúrgico a través de la dermatoscopía y posterior a ello, se comprobó histológicamente si los bordes de incisión estaban comprometidos o no. Resultados: el 95,5 % de los informes histopatológicos revelaron que las lesiones fueron bien resecadas. Conclusiones: el establecimiento dermatoscópico de un mínimo margen quirúrgico antes de la excéresis, constituye un método confiable para la obtención de lesiones bien resecadas, y disminuyen así las secuelas deformantes que provocan las cicatrices de las grandes incisiones en lesiones de cara y cuello (AU).

Introduction: the basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer and the surgical procedure is the election for its treatment. It appears more frequently in visible or photo exposed areas, therefore, occasionally its resection is insufficient with the aim of preserving tissues, or because if it reaches the established margins it could generate scar sequels. Dermoscopy is an easily applicable technique allowing the previous visualization of the real limits of the tumor for obtaining surgical, noncompromised margins of less size that avoid subsequent esthetic deformities. Objectives: to determine the usefulness of dermoscopy for obtaining minimal surgical margins, free of basal cell carcinomas in the face and neck, with following histologic verification. Materials and Methods: observational, descriptive study carried out in the Hospital "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernandez" of Matanzas, in 21 patients with clinical and dermoscopic of basal cell carcinoma. Through dermoscopy the minimal surgical margin was established and after that, it was checked histologically if the incision borders were compromised or not. Results: 95.5 % of the histopathological reports showed that the lesions were correctly resected. Conclusions: the dermoscopical establishment of a minimal surgical margin before the excision, is a reliable method for getting good resected lesions; that way, the deforming sequels caused by the scars of large incisions in lesions of the face and neck are reduced. (AU)

Fatores associados à ressecção incompleta do câncer não melanoma / Factors associated with incomplete resection of non-melanoma cancer

Introdução: Analisar fatores associados e taxa de positividade de margem cirúrgica após ressecção primária de Câncer de Pele Não Melanoma (CNM). Métodos: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado mediante a revisão de prontuários de pacientes submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica de carcinoma basocelular (CBC) e espinocelular (CEC) de pele. Foram estudadas as seguintes variáveis: idade, tipo de câncer, localização, diâmetro, variante histológica, presença de ulceração, presença e ressecção de lesões associadas e presença de comprometimento de margens cirúrgicas. Resultados: Foram inclusos 183 paciente no estudo. Destes, 130 eram CBC (71%) e 53 eram CEC (29%). A taxa global de comprometimento de margem foi de 13,1%, sendo 21 CBC (16%) e 3 CEC (5,66%). Margens cirúrgicas positivas estiveram mais associadas a lesões do tipo CBC (p<0,05) e em lesões localizadas em nariz e pálpebra (p<0,05). Presença de ulceração, diâmetro das lesões e variante histológica não foram associadas a uma maior taxa de ressecções incompletas. Conclusão: Nossa taxa global de ressecção incompleta de Câncer de Pele (CNM) apresenta-se semelhante ao encontrado na literatura. Lesões por CBC ou localizadas em nariz e pálpebra têm maiores taxas de positividade de margem após ressecção primária (AU)

Introduction: To analyze associated factors and surgical margin positivity rate after primary resection of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMC). Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out by reviewing medical records of patients submitted to surgical resection of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. The following variables were studied: age, type of cancer, location, diameter, histological variant, presence of ulceration, presence and resection of associated lesions, and presence of surgical margins involvement. Results: 183 patients were included in the study. Of these, 130 were BCC (71%) and 53 were SCC (29%). The overall rate of margin involvement was 13.1%, of which 21 were CBC (16%) and 3 SCC (5.66%). Positive surgical margins were more associated with BCC lesions (p <0.05) and lesions located in the nose and eyelid (p <0.05). Presence of ulceration, lesion diameter and histological variant were not associated with a higher rate of incomplete resections. Conclusion: Our overall rate of incomplete resection of Skin Cancer is similar to that found in the literature. Lesions by BCC or located in the nose and eyelid have higher rates of margin positivity after primary resection (AU)

Benign follicular tumors

Abstract: Benign follicular tumors comprise a large and heterogeneous group of neoplasms that share a common histogenesis and display morphological features resembling one or several portions of the normal hair follicle, or recapitulate part of its embryological development. Most cases present it as clinically nondescript single lesions and essentially of dermatological relevance. Occasionally, however, these lesions be multiple and represent a cutaneous marker of complex syndromes associated with an increased risk of visceral neoplasms. In this article, the authors present the microscopic structure of the normal hair follicle as a basis to understand the type and level of differentiation of the various follicular tumors. The main clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of benign follicular tumors are then discussed, including dilated pore of Winer, pilar sheath acanthoma, trichoadenoma, trichilemmoma, infundibuloma, proliferating trichilemmal cyst/tumor, trichoblastoma and its variants, pilomatricoma, trichodiscoma/fibrofolliculoma, neurofollicular hamartoma and trichofolliculoma. In addition, the main syndromes presenting with multiple follicular tumors are also discussed, namely Cowden, Birt-Hogg-Dubé, Rombo and Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndromes, as well as multiple tumors of follicular infundibulum (infundibulomatosis) and multiple trichoepitheliomas. Although the diagnosis of follicular tumors relies on histological examination, we highlight the importance of their knowledge for the clinician, especially when in presence of patients with multiple lesions that may be the cutaneous marker of a cancer-prone syndrome. The dermatologist is therefore in a privileged position to recognize these lesions, which is extremely important to provide further propedeutic, appropriate referral and genetic counseling for these patients.

Three different clinical faces of the same histopathological entity: hair follicle nevus, trichofolliculoma and accessory tragus

AbstractBACKGROUND:Hair follicle nevus is a rare, congenital hamartoma with follicular differentiation characterized histologically by numerous, tiny, mature hair follicles. Trichofolliculoma, the histopathological features of which are quite similar to those of hair follicle nevus, is also a hamartoma that differs from hair follicle. Accessory tragus is a relatively common, benign congenital abnormality of the external ear with an incidence rate of 1 to 10 per 1,000 live births.OBJECTIVE:This study seeks to assess the discriminatory value of currently available, histological criteria in the differential diagnosis of hair follicle nevus, accessory tragi and trichofolliculoma.METHODS:Twenty-one patients comprising 9 cases of hair follicle nevus, 8 accessory tragi patients and 4 trichofolliculoma cases, were recruited to perform the study.RESULTS:There were 10 males and 11 females in the study group. No significant difference was observed between the three study groups in terms of age, gender or histopathological parameters such as density of hair follicles, subcutaneous fat score and presence of connective tissue framework. Cartilaginous component was seen in 8 cases that were diagnosed as accessory tragi, while central cyst and radiating hair follicles were seen in 4 cases which were diagnosed as trichofolliculoma.CONCLUSION:The results of our study showed that diagnostic discrimination of these diseases could be made only with the clinicopathologic correlation because of their clinical and histopathological similarities.

Clinical Consideration of 137 Cases of Basal Cell Carcinoma in Face

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer. About 74% cases of basal cell cancer occur on the head and neck. Basal cell carcinoma on the face may have a higher degree of subclinical spread than tumors arising elsewhere. And incompletely excised BCCs become more aggressive when they recur. So the surgical removal and reconstruction of BCC located on the face are important to make perfect curing and cosmetic results. METHODS: A retrospective study was done with 128 patients (137 cancers) who were treated with BCC on the face since 1987 to 2011. General data of these cases such as the primary site of cancer, age and sex of the patients, operative methods, and recurrence rate were reviewed. RESULTS: The ratio of men to women was 1:1.4. And 86.9% of the patients with BCC were older than the age of 50 years with the mean age of 65.8 years. The distribution of facial basal cell carcinoma was on the nose, eyelids, cheek, and nasolabial fold. Surgical methods for treatment were local flap, full thickness skin graft, primary closure, and split thickness skin graft. Specifically, local flap consists of V-Y advancement flap, cheek advancement flap, limberg flap, forehead flap, nasolabial flap, rotation flap, transposition flap, bilobed flap, and island flap. Six cases recurred and all of them were treated with reoperation. CONCLUSION: The authors reviewed facial basal cell carcinoma cases in our hospital. This study might be helpful to choose appropriate operation method to manage BCC on face in Korea.

Tricoadenoma palpebral: tratamento cirúrgico associado à blefaroplastia estética / Eyelid trichoadenoma: surgical treatment associated with aesthetic lepharoplasty

O tricoadenoma é um tumor cutâneo benigno, assintomático, raro e de crescimento lento. Existem poucos casos relatados na literatura e identificamos apenas um descrito na região palpebral. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente portadora de tricoadenoma no canto externo da pálpebra inferior direita, tratada com excisão cirúrgica associada a blefaroplastia.

Trichoadenoma is a benign cutaneous tumor that is asymptomatic, rare, and slow growing. There are few cases reported in the literature, and we could only identify one description of trichoadenoma occurring in the eyelid area. We describe the case of a patient with trichoadenoma in the outer corner of the lower eyelid that we treated with surgical excision associated with blepharoplasty.

Carcinoma de la mama triple negativo aspectos morfológicos y expresión de CK 5/6 / Triple negative breast cancer morphological aspects and CK 5/6 expression

El carcinoma mamario es una enfermedad heterogénea, parámetros de clasificación, factores pronósticos, no siempre predicen su curso clínico. La genética molecular, los ha estratificado en grupos diferentes a la clasificación morfológica. Trabajos respaldan que un grupo específico: carcinoma de “tipo basal” tiene peor pronóstico, es frecuentemente triple negativo, es decir: RE(-), RP(-), C-erbB-2(-) expresa citoqueratinas de epitelios basales, como la citoqueratina 5/6 (CK5/6, planteamos determinar los aspectos morfológicos de estos carcinomas, identificar la frecuencia en la que expresan CK5/6 por inmunohistoquímica, relacionarlos con parámetros clínicos disponibles. Se seleccionaron 91 carcinomas entre 2003-2008 se les realizó CK5/6. 34 (37,4 por ciento) fueron TN-CK5/6(+) y 57 (62,6 por ciento) fueron TN-CK5/6(-). Las características morfológicas descritas se observaron en ambos grupos, más frecuentemente en los carcinomas TN-CK5/6(+). La detección de estos tumores por inmunohistoquímica es una forma práctica, rentable de identificar a este grupo de peor pronóstico en la práctica diaria.

Breast cancer is heterogeneous disease classification parameters prognostic factors are not always predictors its clinical course. Molecular genetics are categorizing in different ways, as the well-known morphologic classification. Studies endorse specific group within this classifying system: Basal-like carcinomas, has worst prognosis; tends to be triple-negative: ER(-), RP(-), Erb-B2(-); expresses basal cytokeratins, such as cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6). Considered determining morphological aspects, frequency in which they express CK5/6 through immunohistochemistry, and contrasting them to existing clinical parameters. 91 carcinomas were selected between the years 2003-2008 and checked for CK5/6. Or the aforementioned cases, 34 (37.4 percent) resulted TN-CK5/6(+) and 57(62.6 percent) resulted TN-CK5/6(-). Morphological aspects described for and carcinomas were observed in both groups, though they were more frequent in breast carcinomas TN-CK5/6(+). For this reason, detecting these tumors using immunohistochemistry is a practical, worthwhile, and convenient way to identify this group with the worst prognosis on our daily routines.

A Case of Sebaceous Trichofolliculoma on the Right Cheek / 대한이비인후과학회지

Sebaceous trichofolliculoma is a rare benign tumor and represents a variant of trichofolliculoma. Up to now, only 5 cases of sebaceous trichofolliculoma were reported in Korea. It generally presents as a centrally depressed solitary tumor and occurs in areas rich in sebaceous lobules. Microscopically, it shows cystic cavities with or without keratin-filled portion and sebaceous lobules. The lobules are connected to the cystic wall. We report a case of infected sebaceous trichofolliculoma on the right cheek accompanied by a unilateral microtia in a 16-year-old man. The patient was treated with oral antibiotics and surgical excision. By summariz-ing 12 past cases, 6 Korean and 7 international, we have put together clinical features of Se-baceous trichofolliculoma.

Folliculosebaceous Cystic Hamartoma in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type I

Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma (FSCH) is a rare cutaneous hamartoma composed of dilated folliculosebaceous units and mesenchymal elements. It presents as a papule or nodule usually on the face and scalp, rarely on the genital or trunk area. Histologically, FSCH shares several similar features to sebaceous trichofolliculoma. We report one case of FSCH misdiagnosed as a neurofibroma. He was a 38-year-old man with a neurofibromatosis type I and a nodule on his left earlobe was excised under the impression of neurofibroma. Pathological examination revealed FSCH. Although FSCH is clinically not distinctive, awareness of the lesion is important to differentiate papulonodular or cyst-like cutaneous lesions.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 4(FGF4) Expression in Malignant Skin Cancers

PURPOSE: FGF4(fibroblast growth factor 4) is a newly characterized gene which was found to be a transforming gene in several cancerous cells. FGF4 expression and amplification has been subsequently observed in several human cancers including stomach cancer, breast cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer and bladder cancer. This study was designed to measure the protein expression of FGF4 in malignant skin cancers. METHODS: We examined 8 normal skin tissues and 24 malignant skin tumor tissues which were 8 malignant melanomas, 8 squamous cell carcinomas and 8 basal cell carcinomas. The specimens were analyzed for the protein expression of FGF4 using immunohistochemical staining. To evaluate the amount of expression of FGF4, the histochemical score(HSCORE) was used. RESULTS: FGF4 was expressed more intensely in malignant melanoma, followed by SCC and BCC in immunohistochemistry. The average HSCORE was 0.01 for normal skin, 2.02 for malignant melanoma, 1.28 for squamous cell carcinoma , and 0.27 for basal cell carcinoma, respectively. The expression of FGF4 in malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma was increased in comparison with normal tissues and basal cell cancer, and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.05). The difference between malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These findings provide evidences that the expression of FGF4 plays an important role in malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma progressions. This article demonstrates expression of FGF4 in human skin malignant tumors, and suggests that FGF4 is more expressed in highly aggressive skin tumors.

A importância do cirurgião-dentista na detecção da síndrome de carcinoma nevoide basocelular: relato de caso / The importance of the dentist in the diagnosis of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: case report

A Síndrome do Carcinoma Nevoide Basocelular (SCNBC), anteriormente conhecida pelo epônimo de Síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz, representa uma condição hereditária, autossômica dominante, de alta penetrância e expressividade variada. Caracteriza-se por alterações cutâneas, ósseas, dentárias, podendo afetar o sistema nervoso central e estruturas oculares. O desenvolvimento de múltiplos carcinomas basocelulares em idade precoce e a presença do tumor odontogênico ceratocístico são os achados clínicos mais frequentes. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo destacar a importância do cirurgião-dentista no diagnóstico da SCNBC, bem como relatar um caso clínico de uma paciente de nove anos de idade portadora desta condição.

Carcinoma das células de merkel: relato de 2 casos / Merkel cell carcinoma: two cases report

Introdução: O carcinoma das células de Merkel (CCM) corresponde a uma forma incomum e agressiva de neoplasia maligna cutânea. Normalmente acomete pacientes acima de 60 anos em áreas cronicamente expostas ao sol. As células de Merkel se localizam na camada basal da epiderme, estão associadas aos mecanorreceptores locais e têm função neuroendócrina pouco compreendida. Integram o sistema neuroendócrino-imuno-cutâneo (N.I.C.S.). Com o uso de novos marcadores imunohistoquímicos, houve aumento no número de casos relatados. No entanto, a baixa incidência desta neoplasia dificulta a realização de estudos com maior nível de evidência científica. O tratamento do CCM envolve cirurgia, radioterapia e quimioterapia, persistindo na literatura discussões a respeito da abordagem mais efetiva. O prognóstico não é bom, sendo observados elevados índices de recidivas locais e metástases, linfonodais e à distância. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo o relato de dois casos de CCM tratados em nosso serviço, bem como a revisão da literatura. Relato dos casos: Em ambos os casos, o CCM não foi a suspeita clínica inicial, sendo confirmado após biópsia incisional, que demonstrou neoplasia neuroendócrina. Em relação ao primeiro caso, com lesão na região anterior do tronco, foi realizado tratamento cirúrgico e indicada radioterapia complementar, a qual não foi realizada por óbito do paciente, 4 semanas após a cirurgia, por causas não relacionadas. No segundo caso, de localização pré-auricular, houve perda do seguimento ambulatorial após diagnóstico.

Introduction: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon and aggressive cutaneous malignant tumor. It usually occurs in patients above the seventh decade of life, in chronically sun-exposed areas. Merkel cells are located in the basal layer of epidermis, are associated with the local mechanoreceptors, and have neuroendocrine function poorly understood. They integrate the neuroendocrine-imune-cutaneous system (N.I.C.S.). With new imunohistochemistry markers, there was an increase in the number of the cases reported. Nevertheless, the low incidence of this tumor difficult realization of studies with higher scientific level. The treatment of MCC comprehends surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, remaining in the literature discussion about the better treatment. The prognostic isn’t good, being observed high levels of local recidives and metastatic disease, in linfonodes and distant sites. Objective: This paper has the objective of two case reports of MCC treated in our institution, including the literature review. Case reports: In both cases, the MCC wasn’t the first clinical suspect, based on their appearance, being confirmed after incisional biopsy, which demonstraded neuroendocrine tumor. In the first case, the lesion was located in the anterior chest, the surgical treatment has been done and the radiotherapy was indicated; this treatment has not been done because the patient died four weeks after the surgery, for no related causes. In the second, the lesion was in the pre auricular location, the patient did not return to consult after the diagnosis.

Molecular characterization of breast cancer in young Brazilian women / Caracterização molecular do câncer de mama e mulheres brasileiras jovens

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution of molecular subtypes of breast tumors diagnosed in young Brazilian women and to analyze the frequency of loss of heterozygocity (LOH) in BRCA1 among different molecular subtypes of early-onset breast cancer. METHODS: Samples from 72 cases of invasive breast carcinoma diagnosed in women aged between 19 and 40 years were evaluated using an immunohistochemical panel of biomarkers. Three intragenic BRCA1 locus microsatellites, D17S1322, D17S1323, and D17S855, were PCR amplified from matched normal (lymphocyte) and tumor DNAs for (LOH) analysis. RESULTS: We found 13 cases (18 percent) that had an immunohistochemical profile consistent with being basal-like. Forty cases (55 percent) were luminal A type; 11 percent (8 cases) were luminal B type, 13 percent (9 cases) were HER2-overexpressing tumors and two cases were ER-/HER2- carcinomas lacking basal marker expression. Four of the 16 informative cases at D17S1322, one of the four informative cases at D17S855, and none of the five informative cases at D17S1323 displayed LOH (four basal-like and one Luminal A). Microsatellite instability (MSI) at D17S855 and D17S1322 was found in two cases (one a basal-like and one Luminal A). CONCLUSION: In our study, basal-like tumor was the second most frequent molecular type among young Brazilian women and was only observed in women diagnosed under the age of 35 years. There was no significant difference of LOH at BRCA1 locus rates between basal-like breast tumors and not-basal-like breast tumors (p=0.62). LOH in BRCA1 and MSI in these breast cancers were not frequent but may indicate a small group of breast cancers with a specific molecular makeup.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a distribuição dos subtipos moleculares dos tumores de mama diagnosticados em mulheres brasileiras jovens e determinar a frequência de perda de heterozigose (LOH) no gene BRCA1 entre os diferentes subtipos moleculares de tumores. MÉTODOS: Setenta e dois casos de carcinoma invasivo de mama diagnosticados em mulheres entre 19 e 40 anos de idade foram classificados de acordo com o subtipo molecular utilizando um painel imunoistoquímico e para a análise de LOH foram utilizados três marcadores intragênicos para o gene BRCA1 (D17S1322, D17S855, D17S1323). RESULTADOS: Treze casos (18 por cento) apresentaram perfil imunoistoquímico compatível com carcinoma do tipo basal (basal-like tumor). Quarenta casos (55 por cento) foram classificados como tumores do tipo luminal A; 11 por cento (oito casos) do tipo luminal B, 13 por cento (nove casos) corresponderam a tumores com superexpressão de HER2 (HER2-overexpressing tumors) e dois casos corresponderam a carcinomas ER/HER2 negativos sem expressão de marcadores basais. LOH foi detectada em quatro dos 16 casos informativos para o marcador D17S1322 e em um dos quatro casos informativos para D17S855. Instabilidade de microssatélites (MSI) foi observada em dois casos, um do tipo basalóide e um do tipo luminal A. CONCLUSÃO: Carcinomas do tipo "basal-like" corresponderam ao segundo subtipo molecular mais frequente entre os tumores de mama diagnosticados neste grupo de mulheres e foram restritos às mulheres com idade inferior a 35 anos. Não houve diferença significativa na frequência de LOH no gene BRCA1 entre os subtipos moleculares (p= 0,62). A frequência de LOH e de instabilidade de microssatélite em BRCA1 foi baixa neste grupo de pacientes, porém podem indicar um pequeno grupo de cânceres de mama com características moleculares específicas distintas.

Roles of immunohistochemistry in prognostic assessment of basal-like breast cancer / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>Basal cell-like breast cancer is one of the subtypes using molecular typing, and this subtype attracted a wide spread attention. Currently, no uniform diagnostic criteria are available. Most studies demonstrated poor outcomes, but contradictory conclusions appeared recently. The prognosis of basal cell-like breast cancer using different immunohistochemical criteria were analyzed.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and eighty-four invasive breast cancers with a follow-up information over 5 years were evaluated for ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6, CK14, EGFR expression on tissue microarray immunohistochemically. Based on the results, these cases using four different diagnostic criteria were categorized, namely: Nielsen (ER-/HER2-, CK5/6+ and/or EGFR+), Kim (ER-/PR-/HER2-, CK5/6+ and/or CK14+ and/or EGFR+), Triple-negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-), and basal-CK (CK5/6+ and/or CK14+). 5-year survival information was compared between groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of basal cell-like breast cancer by Nielsen, Kim, Triple-negative and basal-CK were 15.5% (44/284), 14.8% (42/284), 43.3% (123/284) and 21.1% (60/284) respectively; the recurrence rates were 18.2% (8/44), 21.4% (9/42), 10.6% (13/123) and 11.7% (7/60) respectively. These were higher than recurrence rates for other subtypes, but only the differences by Nielsen's and Kim's criteria were significant. Using Nielsen's and Triple-negative's criteria, basal-like tumors showed shorter 5-year disease-free survival (both P < 0. 01) and overall survival (P < 0.05 and 0.01) than luminal A subtype, using Kim's criteria, basal-like tumors showed a lower 5-year disease-free but not overall survival than luminal A subtype (P < 0.01); no significant difference was found on 5-year survival between basal-like and non-basal-like tumors when typed by basal-CK.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Basal cell-like breast cancers are more likely to show more recurrence and worse outcome, but different immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria have an influence on their prognostic analysis, so a uniform diagnostic criteria is essential for the further study of basal-like breast cancers.</p>